TEST DIRECTORY

Enzyme immunoassay (EIA)
EIA is based on the same assay principle as RIA. Using either enzyme-labeled antigen or antibody as a labeledsubstance, the antigen-antibody reaction is carried out. After adding a chromogenic substrate, the enzyme activity is measured.

Enzyme immunoassay (EIA)
EIA is based on the same assay principle as RIA. Using either enzyme-labeled antigen or antibody as a labeledsubstance, the antigen-antibody reaction is carried out. After adding a chromogenic substrate, the enzyme activity is measured.

Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
A technique to amplify a specific target region of DNA in an exponential manner. By heating DNA molecules, the DNA denatures and becomes single stranded, and then by cooling, the DNA anneals to the double stranded again. By using this phenomenon, a single-stranded DNA is used as a template to bind the target primer. The DNA synthesis occurs by repeated cycles of DNA polymerase activity.

Real-time PCR
Real-time PCR is the one of the nucleic acid amplification tests using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) as the basic principle. By the use of oligonucleotide that yields fluorescence after degradation, the fluorescent signal is identified for each PCR cycle, which enables the real-time quantification of the target nucleic acid.

Liquid (nucleic acid) hybridization
After isolating rRNA in a liquid phase, hybridization is performed using a chemiluminescent-labeled DNA probe. After allowing the hybrid to be attached to the separating agent, chemiluminescence detection is performed.

Liquid (nucleic acid) hybridization
After isolating rRNA in a liquid phase, hybridization is performed using a chemiluminescent-labeled DNA probe. After allowing the hybrid to be attached to the separating agent, chemiluminescence detection is performed.

Liquid (nucleic acid) hybridization
After isolating rRNA in a liquid phase, hybridization is performed using a chemiluminescent-labeled DNA probe. After allowing the hybrid to be attached to the separating agent, chemiluminescence detection is performed.

Liquid (nucleic acid) hybridization
After isolating rRNA in a liquid phase, hybridization is performed using a chemiluminescent-labeled DNA probe. After allowing the hybrid to be attached to the separating agent, chemiluminescence detection is performed.

Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)
Antibodies linked to the solid phase are reacted with antigens that are secondarily reacted with enzyme-labeled antibodies. After adding a chromogenic substrate, the enzyme activity is measured.

Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)
Antibodies linked to the solid phase are reacted with antigens that are secondarily reacted with enzyme-labeled antibodies. After adding a chromogenic substrate, the enzyme activity is measured.

Complement fixation (CF)
A technique based on the principle that complements bind with antigen-antibody complexes and that they mediate hemolysis.
When red blood cells coated with hemolysin (sensitized red blood cells) bind to complements, hemolysis occurs; however, in the existence of the antigen-antibody complexes, complements are used, resulting in no hemolysis. Based on the hemolytic reaction, the presence of a specific antibody is determined.

Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
A technique to amplify a specific target region of DNA in an exponential manner. By heating DNA molecules, the DNA denatures and becomes single stranded, and then by cooling, the DNA anneals to the double stranded again. By using this phenomenon, a single-stranded DNA is used as a template to bind the target primer. The DNA synthesis occurs by repeated cycles of DNA polymerase activity.

Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
A technique to amplify a specific target region of DNA in an exponential manner. By heating DNA molecules, the DNA denatures and becomes single stranded, and then by cooling, the DNA anneals to the double stranded again. By using this phenomenon, a single-stranded DNA is used as a template to bind the target primer. The DNA synthesis occurs by repeated cycles of DNA polymerase activity.

Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
A technique to amplify a specific target region of DNA in an exponential manner. By heating DNA molecules, the DNA denatures and becomes single stranded, and then by cooling, the DNA anneals to the double stranded again. By using this phenomenon, a single-stranded DNA is used as a template to bind the target primer. The DNA synthesis occurs by repeated cycles of DNA polymerase activity.

Neutralization test (NT)
A technique based on neutralization: Through reaction of a virus with specific antibody, loss of infectivity occurs.
The virus and the antibody against the virus are reacted and inoculated into cell culture that is sensitive to the virus. The presence of neutralizing antibody is determined based on the cytopathogenic effect (CPE).

Neutralization test (NT)
A technique based on neutralization: Through reaction of a virus with specific antibody, loss of infectivity occurs.
The virus and the antibody against the virus are reacted and inoculated into cell culture that is sensitive to the virus. The presence of neutralizing antibody is determined based on the cytopathogenic effect (CPE).

Neutralization test (NT)
A technique based on neutralization: Through reaction of a virus with specific antibody, loss of infectivity occurs.
The virus and the antibody against the virus are reacted and inoculated into cell culture that is sensitive to the virus. The presence of neutralizing antibody is determined based on the cytopathogenic effect (CPE).

Neutralization test (NT)
A technique based on neutralization: Through reaction of a virus with specific antibody, loss of infectivity occurs.
The virus and the antibody against the virus are reacted and inoculated into cell culture that is sensitive to the virus. The presence of neutralizing antibody is determined based on the cytopathogenic effect (CPE).

Neutralization test (NT)
A technique based on neutralization: Through reaction of a virus with specific antibody, loss of infectivity occurs.
The virus and the antibody against the virus are reacted and inoculated into cell culture that is sensitive to the virus. The presence of neutralizing antibody is determined based on the cytopathogenic effect (CPE).

Neutralization test (NT)
A technique based on neutralization: Through reaction of a virus with specific antibody, loss of infectivity occurs.
The virus and the antibody against the virus are reacted and inoculated into cell culture that is sensitive to the virus. The presence of neutralizing antibody is determined based on the cytopathogenic effect (CPE).

Neutralization test (NT)
A technique based on neutralization: Through reaction of a virus with specific antibody, loss of infectivity occurs.
The virus and the antibody against the virus are reacted and inoculated into cell culture that is sensitive to the virus. The presence of neutralizing antibody is determined based on the cytopathogenic effect (CPE).

Neutralization test (NT)
A technique based on neutralization: Through reaction of a virus with specific antibody, loss of infectivity occurs.
The virus and the antibody against the virus are reacted and inoculated into cell culture that is sensitive to the virus. The presence of neutralizing antibody is determined based on the cytopathogenic effect (CPE).

Neutralization test (NT)
A technique based on neutralization: Through reaction of a virus with specific antibody, loss of infectivity occurs.
The virus and the antibody against the virus are reacted and inoculated into cell culture that is sensitive to the virus. The presence of neutralizing antibody is determined based on the cytopathogenic effect (CPE).

Neutralization test (NT)
A technique based on neutralization: Through reaction of a virus with specific antibody, loss of infectivity occurs.
The virus and the antibody against the virus are reacted and inoculated into cell culture that is sensitive to the virus. The presence of neutralizing antibody is determined based on the cytopathogenic effect (CPE).

Neutralization test (NT)
A technique based on neutralization: Through reaction of a virus with specific antibody, loss of infectivity occurs.
The virus and the antibody against the virus are reacted and inoculated into cell culture that is sensitive to the virus. The presence of neutralizing antibody is determined based on the cytopathogenic effect (CPE).

Neutralization test (NT)
A technique based on neutralization: Through reaction of a virus with specific antibody, loss of infectivity occurs.
The virus and the antibody against the virus are reacted and inoculated into cell culture that is sensitive to the virus. The presence of neutralizing antibody is determined based on the cytopathogenic effect (CPE).

Fluorescent antibody method (FA)
Using fluorochrome-labeled antibodies to the target antigen, the antigen-antibody reaction is carried out, and the fluorescence intensity is measured using fluorescence microscope.
The direct method uses fluorochrome-labeled antibodies that react directly with the antigen. The indirect method uses antibodies that react with the antigen first and then fluorochrome-labeled antibodies for the secondary reaction.

Complement fixation (CF)
A technique based on the principle that complements bind with antigen-antibody complexes and that they mediate hemolysis.
When red blood cells coated with hemolysin (sensitized red blood cells) bind to complements, hemolysis occurs; however, in the existence of the antigen-antibody complexes, complements are used, resulting in no hemolysis. Based on the hemolytic reaction, the presence of a specific antibody is determined.

Enzyme immunoassay (EIA)
EIA is based on the same assay principle as RIA. Using either enzyme-labeled antigen or antibody as a labeledsubstance, the antigen-antibody reaction is carried out. After adding a chromogenic substrate, the enzyme activity is measured.

Enzyme immunoassay (EIA)
EIA is based on the same assay principle as RIA. Using either enzyme-labeled antigen or antibody as a labeledsubstance, the antigen-antibody reaction is carried out. After adding a chromogenic substrate, the enzyme activity is measured.

Enzyme immunoassay (EIA)
EIA is based on the same assay principle as RIA. Using either enzyme-labeled antigen or antibody as a labeledsubstance, the antigen-antibody reaction is carried out. After adding a chromogenic substrate, the enzyme activity is measured.

Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
A technique to amplify a specific target region of DNA in an exponential manner. By heating DNA molecules, the DNA denatures and becomes single stranded, and then by cooling, the DNA anneals to the double stranded again. By using this phenomenon, a single-stranded DNA is used as a template to bind the target primer. The DNA synthesis occurs by repeated cycles of DNA polymerase activity.

Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
A technique to amplify a specific target region of DNA in an exponential manner. By heating DNA molecules, the DNA denatures and becomes single stranded, and then by cooling, the DNA anneals to the double stranded again. By using this phenomenon, a single-stranded DNA is used as a template to bind the target primer. The DNA synthesis occurs by repeated cycles of DNA polymerase activity.

Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
A technique to amplify a specific target region of DNA in an exponential manner. By heating DNA molecules, the DNA denatures and becomes single stranded, and then by cooling, the DNA anneals to the double stranded again. By using this phenomenon, a single-stranded DNA is used as a template to bind the target primer. The DNA synthesis occurs by repeated cycles of DNA polymerase activity.

Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
A technique to amplify a specific target region of DNA in an exponential manner. By heating DNA molecules, the DNA denatures and becomes single stranded, and then by cooling, the DNA anneals to the double stranded again. By using this phenomenon, a single-stranded DNA is used as a template to bind the target primer. The DNA synthesis occurs by repeated cycles of DNA polymerase activity.

Real-time PCR
Real-time PCR is the one of the nucleic acid amplification tests using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) as the basic principle. By the use of oligonucleotide that yields fluorescence after degradation, the fluorescent signal is identified for each PCR cycle, which enables the real-time quantification of the target nucleic acid.

Neutralization test (NT)
A technique based on neutralization: Through reaction of a virus with specific antibody, loss of infectivity occurs.
The virus and the antibody against the virus are reacted and inoculated into cell culture that is sensitive to the virus. The presence of neutralizing antibody is determined based on the cytopathogenic effect (CPE).

Neutralization test (NT)
A technique based on neutralization: Through reaction of a virus with specific antibody, loss of infectivity occurs.
The virus and the antibody against the virus are reacted and inoculated into cell culture that is sensitive to the virus. The presence of neutralizing antibody is determined based on the cytopathogenic effect (CPE).

Fluorescent antibody method (FA)
Using fluorochrome-labeled antibodies to the target antigen, the antigen-antibody reaction is carried out, and the fluorescence intensity is measured using fluorescence microscope.
The direct method uses fluorochrome-labeled antibodies that react directly with the antigen. The indirect method uses antibodies that react with the antigen first and then fluorochrome-labeled antibodies for the secondary reaction.

Complement fixation (CF)
A technique based on the principle that complements bind with antigen-antibody complexes and that they mediate hemolysis.
When red blood cells coated with hemolysin (sensitized red blood cells) bind to complements, hemolysis occurs; however, in the existence of the antigen-antibody complexes, complements are used, resulting in no hemolysis. Based on the hemolytic reaction, the presence of a specific antibody is determined.

Enzyme immunoassay (EIA)
EIA is based on the same assay principle as RIA. Using either enzyme-labeled antigen or antibody as a labeledsubstance, the antigen-antibody reaction is carried out. After adding a chromogenic substrate, the enzyme activity is measured.

Enzyme immunoassay (EIA)
EIA is based on the same assay principle as RIA. Using either enzyme-labeled antigen or antibody as a labeledsubstance, the antigen-antibody reaction is carried out. After adding a chromogenic substrate, the enzyme activity is measured.

Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
A technique to amplify a specific target region of DNA in an exponential manner. By heating DNA molecules, the DNA denatures and becomes single stranded, and then by cooling, the DNA anneals to the double stranded again. By using this phenomenon, a single-stranded DNA is used as a template to bind the target primer. The DNA synthesis occurs by repeated cycles of DNA polymerase activity.

Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
A technique to amplify a specific target region of DNA in an exponential manner. By heating DNA molecules, the DNA denatures and becomes single stranded, and then by cooling, the DNA anneals to the double stranded again. By using this phenomenon, a single-stranded DNA is used as a template to bind the target primer. The DNA synthesis occurs by repeated cycles of DNA polymerase activity.

Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
A technique to amplify a specific target region of DNA in an exponential manner. By heating DNA molecules, the DNA denatures and becomes single stranded, and then by cooling, the DNA anneals to the double stranded again. By using this phenomenon, a single-stranded DNA is used as a template to bind the target primer. The DNA synthesis occurs by repeated cycles of DNA polymerase activity.

Enzyme-labeled antibody method
A technique to measure the enzyme activity of a specific antigen. Using enzyme-labeled antibodies to the target antigen, the antigen-antibody reaction is carried out. After adding a chromogenic substrate, the enzyme activity is measured.
The direct method uses enzyme-labeled antibodies that react directly with the antigen. The indirect method uses unlabeled antibodies that react with the antigen first and enzyme-labeled antibodies for the secondary reaction.

Enzyme-labeled antibody method
A technique to measure the enzyme activity of a specific antigen. Using enzyme-labeled antibodies to the target antigen, the antigen-antibody reaction is carried out. After adding a chromogenic substrate, the enzyme activity is measured.
The direct method uses enzyme-labeled antibodies that react directly with the antigen. The indirect method uses unlabeled antibodies that react with the antigen first and enzyme-labeled antibodies for the secondary reaction.

Complement fixation (CF)
A technique based on the principle that complements bind with antigen-antibody complexes and that they mediate hemolysis.
When red blood cells coated with hemolysin (sensitized red blood cells) bind to complements, hemolysis occurs; however, in the existence of the antigen-antibody complexes, complements are used, resulting in no hemolysis. Based on the hemolytic reaction, the presence of a specific antibody is determined.

Enzyme immunoassay (EIA)
EIA is based on the same assay principle as RIA. Using either enzyme-labeled antigen or antibody as a labeledsubstance, the antigen-antibody reaction is carried out. After adding a chromogenic substrate, the enzyme activity is measured.

Enzyme immunoassay (EIA)
EIA is based on the same assay principle as RIA. Using either enzyme-labeled antigen or antibody as a labeledsubstance, the antigen-antibody reaction is carried out. After adding a chromogenic substrate, the enzyme activity is measured.

Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
A technique to amplify a specific target region of DNA in an exponential manner. By heating DNA molecules, the DNA denatures and becomes single stranded, and then by cooling, the DNA anneals to the double stranded again. By using this phenomenon, a single-stranded DNA is used as a template to bind the target primer. The DNA synthesis occurs by repeated cycles of DNA polymerase activity.

Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
A technique to amplify a specific target region of DNA in an exponential manner. By heating DNA molecules, the DNA denatures and becomes single stranded, and then by cooling, the DNA anneals to the double stranded again. By using this phenomenon, a single-stranded DNA is used as a template to bind the target primer. The DNA synthesis occurs by repeated cycles of DNA polymerase activity.

Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
A technique to amplify a specific target region of DNA in an exponential manner. By heating DNA molecules, the DNA denatures and becomes single stranded, and then by cooling, the DNA anneals to the double stranded again. By using this phenomenon, a single-stranded DNA is used as a template to bind the target primer. The DNA synthesis occurs by repeated cycles of DNA polymerase activity.

Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
A technique to amplify a specific target region of DNA in an exponential manner. By heating DNA molecules, the DNA denatures and becomes single stranded, and then by cooling, the DNA anneals to the double stranded again. By using this phenomenon, a single-stranded DNA is used as a template to bind the target primer. The DNA synthesis occurs by repeated cycles of DNA polymerase activity.

Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
A technique to amplify a specific target region of DNA in an exponential manner. By heating DNA molecules, the DNA denatures and becomes single stranded, and then by cooling, the DNA anneals to the double stranded again. By using this phenomenon, a single-stranded DNA is used as a template to bind the target primer. The DNA synthesis occurs by repeated cycles of DNA polymerase activity.

Isothermal nucleic acid amplification test
Unlike PCR, this method amplifies nucleic acids at constant temperature, using strand displacement DNA synthesis enzymes, etc.

Real-time PCR
Real-time PCR is the one of the nucleic acid amplification tests using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) as the basic principle. By the use of oligonucleotide that yields fluorescence after degradation, the fluorescent signal is identified for each PCR cycle, which enables the real-time quantification of the target nucleic acid.

Real-time PCR
Real-time PCR is the one of the nucleic acid amplification tests using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) as the basic principle. By the use of oligonucleotide that yields fluorescence after degradation, the fluorescent signal is identified for each PCR cycle, which enables the real-time quantification of the target nucleic acid.

Real-time PCR
Real-time PCR is the one of the nucleic acid amplification tests using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) as the basic principle. By the use of oligonucleotide that yields fluorescence after degradation, the fluorescent signal is identified for each PCR cycle, which enables the real-time quantification of the target nucleic acid.

Real-time PCR
Real-time PCR is the one of the nucleic acid amplification tests using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) as the basic principle. By the use of oligonucleotide that yields fluorescence after degradation, the fluorescent signal is identified for each PCR cycle, which enables the real-time quantification of the target nucleic acid.

Real-time PCR
Real-time PCR is the one of the nucleic acid amplification tests using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) as the basic principle. By the use of oligonucleotide that yields fluorescence after degradation, the fluorescent signal is identified for each PCR cycle, which enables the real-time quantification of the target nucleic acid.

Real-time PCR
Real-time PCR is the one of the nucleic acid amplification tests using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) as the basic principle. By the use of oligonucleotide that yields fluorescence after degradation, the fluorescent signal is identified for each PCR cycle, which enables the real-time quantification of the target nucleic acid.

Southern blot hybridization
A technique to detect a specific gene by the following procedures: After restriction enzyme digestion of DNA, DNA is isolated and denatured to a single-stranded form with electrophoresis. Using capillary action, the singlestranded DNA is transferred to a nylon membrane and hybridized with a target probe to detect the target gene. This technique is used for analysis of abnormal changes in DNA in a quantitative and qualitative manner.

Southern blot hybridization
A technique to detect a specific gene by the following procedures: After restriction enzyme digestion of DNA, DNA is isolated and denatured to a single-stranded form with electrophoresis. Using capillary action, the singlestranded DNA is transferred to a nylon membrane and hybridized with a target probe to detect the target gene. This technique is used for analysis of abnormal changes in DNA in a quantitative and qualitative manner.

Enzyme immunoassay (EIA)
EIA is based on the same assay principle as RIA. Using either enzyme-labeled antigen or antibody as a labeledsubstance, the antigen-antibody reaction is carried out. After adding a chromogenic substrate, the enzyme activity is measured.

Fluorescent antibody method (FA)
Using fluorochrome-labeled antibodies to the target antigen, the antigen-antibody reaction is carried out, and the fluorescence intensity is measured using fluorescence microscope.
The direct method uses fluorochrome-labeled antibodies that react directly with the antigen. The indirect method uses antibodies that react with the antigen first and then fluorochrome-labeled antibodies for the secondary reaction.

Enzyme immunoassay (EIA)
EIA is based on the same assay principle as RIA. Using either enzyme-labeled antigen or antibody as a labeledsubstance, the antigen-antibody reaction is carried out. After adding a chromogenic substrate, the enzyme activity is measured.

Fluorescent antibody method (FA)
Using fluorochrome-labeled antibodies to the target antigen, the antigen-antibody reaction is carried out, and the fluorescence intensity is measured using fluorescence microscope.
The direct method uses fluorochrome-labeled antibodies that react directly with the antigen. The indirect method uses antibodies that react with the antigen first and then fluorochrome-labeled antibodies for the secondary reaction.

Fluorescent antibody method (FA)
Using fluorochrome-labeled antibodies to the target antigen, the antigen-antibody reaction is carried out, and the fluorescence intensity is measured using fluorescence microscope.
The direct method uses fluorochrome-labeled antibodies that react directly with the antigen. The indirect method uses antibodies that react with the antigen first and then fluorochrome-labeled antibodies for the secondary reaction.

Enzyme immunoassay (EIA)
EIA is based on the same assay principle as RIA. Using either enzyme-labeled antigen or antibody as a labeledsubstance, the antigen-antibody reaction is carried out. After adding a chromogenic substrate, the enzyme activity is measured.

Fluorescent antibody method (FA)
Using fluorochrome-labeled antibodies to the target antigen, the antigen-antibody reaction is carried out, and the fluorescence intensity is measured using fluorescence microscope.
The direct method uses fluorochrome-labeled antibodies that react directly with the antigen. The indirect method uses antibodies that react with the antigen first and then fluorochrome-labeled antibodies for the secondary reaction.

Fluorescent antibody method (FA)
Using fluorochrome-labeled antibodies to the target antigen, the antigen-antibody reaction is carried out, and the fluorescence intensity is measured using fluorescence microscope.
The direct method uses fluorochrome-labeled antibodies that react directly with the antigen. The indirect method uses antibodies that react with the antigen first and then fluorochrome-labeled antibodies for the secondary reaction.

Fluorescent antibody method (FA)
Using fluorochrome-labeled antibodies to the target antigen, the antigen-antibody reaction is carried out, and the fluorescence intensity is measured using fluorescence microscope.
The direct method uses fluorochrome-labeled antibodies that react directly with the antigen. The indirect method uses antibodies that react with the antigen first and then fluorochrome-labeled antibodies for the secondary reaction.

Enzyme immunoassay (EIA)
EIA is based on the same assay principle as RIA. Using either enzyme-labeled antigen or antibody as a labeledsubstance, the antigen-antibody reaction is carried out. After adding a chromogenic substrate, the enzyme activity is measured.

Fluorescent antibody method (FA)
Using fluorochrome-labeled antibodies to the target antigen, the antigen-antibody reaction is carried out, and the fluorescence intensity is measured using fluorescence microscope.
The direct method uses fluorochrome-labeled antibodies that react directly with the antigen. The indirect method uses antibodies that react with the antigen first and then fluorochrome-labeled antibodies for the secondary reaction.

Fluorescent antibody method (FA)
Using fluorochrome-labeled antibodies to the target antigen, the antigen-antibody reaction is carried out, and the fluorescence intensity is measured using fluorescence microscope.
The direct method uses fluorochrome-labeled antibodies that react directly with the antigen. The indirect method uses antibodies that react with the antigen first and then fluorochrome-labeled antibodies for the secondary reaction.

Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
A technique to amplify a specific target region of DNA in an exponential manner. By heating DNA molecules, the DNA denatures and becomes single stranded, and then by cooling, the DNA anneals to the double stranded again. By using this phenomenon, a single-stranded DNA is used as a template to bind the target primer. The DNA synthesis occurs by repeated cycles of DNA polymerase activity.

Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
A technique to amplify a specific target region of DNA in an exponential manner. By heating DNA molecules, the DNA denatures and becomes single stranded, and then by cooling, the DNA anneals to the double stranded again. By using this phenomenon, a single-stranded DNA is used as a template to bind the target primer. The DNA synthesis occurs by repeated cycles of DNA polymerase activity.

Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
A technique to amplify a specific target region of DNA in an exponential manner. By heating DNA molecules, the DNA denatures and becomes single stranded, and then by cooling, the DNA anneals to the double stranded again. By using this phenomenon, a single-stranded DNA is used as a template to bind the target primer. The DNA synthesis occurs by repeated cycles of DNA polymerase activity.

Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
A technique to amplify a specific target region of DNA in an exponential manner. By heating DNA molecules, the DNA denatures and becomes single stranded, and then by cooling, the DNA anneals to the double stranded again. By using this phenomenon, a single-stranded DNA is used as a template to bind the target primer. The DNA synthesis occurs by repeated cycles of DNA polymerase activity.

Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
A technique to amplify a specific target region of DNA in an exponential manner. By heating DNA molecules, the DNA denatures and becomes single stranded, and then by cooling, the DNA anneals to the double stranded again. By using this phenomenon, a single-stranded DNA is used as a template to bind the target primer. The DNA synthesis occurs by repeated cycles of DNA polymerase activity.

Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
A technique to amplify a specific target region of DNA in an exponential manner. By heating DNA molecules, the DNA denatures and becomes single stranded, and then by cooling, the DNA anneals to the double stranded again. By using this phenomenon, a single-stranded DNA is used as a template to bind the target primer. The DNA synthesis occurs by repeated cycles of DNA polymerase activity.

Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
A technique to amplify a specific target region of DNA in an exponential manner. By heating DNA molecules, the DNA denatures and becomes single stranded, and then by cooling, the DNA anneals to the double stranded again. By using this phenomenon, a single-stranded DNA is used as a template to bind the target primer. The DNA synthesis occurs by repeated cycles of DNA polymerase activity.

Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
A technique to amplify a specific target region of DNA in an exponential manner. By heating DNA molecules, the DNA denatures and becomes single stranded, and then by cooling, the DNA anneals to the double stranded again. By using this phenomenon, a single-stranded DNA is used as a template to bind the target primer. The DNA synthesis occurs by repeated cycles of DNA polymerase activity.

Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
A technique to amplify a specific target region of DNA in an exponential manner. By heating DNA molecules, the DNA denatures and becomes single stranded, and then by cooling, the DNA anneals to the double stranded again. By using this phenomenon, a single-stranded DNA is used as a template to bind the target primer. The DNA synthesis occurs by repeated cycles of DNA polymerase activity.

Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
A technique to amplify a specific target region of DNA in an exponential manner. By heating DNA molecules, the DNA denatures and becomes single stranded, and then by cooling, the DNA anneals to the double stranded again. By using this phenomenon, a single-stranded DNA is used as a template to bind the target primer. The DNA synthesis occurs by repeated cycles of DNA polymerase activity.

Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR)
When RNA to be amplified by PCR, complementary DNA (cDNA) is synthesized using reverse transcriptase (RT) using RNA as a template.

Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR)
When RNA to be amplified by PCR, complementary DNA (cDNA) is synthesized using reverse transcriptase (RT) using RNA as a template.

Neutralization test (NT)
A technique based on neutralization: Through reaction of a virus with specific antibody, loss of infectivity occurs.
The virus and the antibody against the virus are reacted and inoculated into cell culture that is sensitive to the virus. The presence of neutralizing antibody is determined based on the cytopathogenic effect (CPE).

Neutralization test (NT)
A technique based on neutralization: Through reaction of a virus with specific antibody, loss of infectivity occurs.
The virus and the antibody against the virus are reacted and inoculated into cell culture that is sensitive to the virus. The presence of neutralizing antibody is determined based on the cytopathogenic effect (CPE).

Neutralization test (NT)
A technique based on neutralization: Through reaction of a virus with specific antibody, loss of infectivity occurs.
The virus and the antibody against the virus are reacted and inoculated into cell culture that is sensitive to the virus. The presence of neutralizing antibody is determined based on the cytopathogenic effect (CPE).

Neutralization test (NT)
A technique based on neutralization: Through reaction of a virus with specific antibody, loss of infectivity occurs.
The virus and the antibody against the virus are reacted and inoculated into cell culture that is sensitive to the virus. The presence of neutralizing antibody is determined based on the cytopathogenic effect (CPE).

Neutralization test (NT)
A technique based on neutralization: Through reaction of a virus with specific antibody, loss of infectivity occurs.
The virus and the antibody against the virus are reacted and inoculated into cell culture that is sensitive to the virus. The presence of neutralizing antibody is determined based on the cytopathogenic effect (CPE).

Neutralization test (NT)
A technique based on neutralization: Through reaction of a virus with specific antibody, loss of infectivity occurs.
The virus and the antibody against the virus are reacted and inoculated into cell culture that is sensitive to the virus. The presence of neutralizing antibody is determined based on the cytopathogenic effect (CPE).

Neutralization test (NT)
A technique based on neutralization: Through reaction of a virus with specific antibody, loss of infectivity occurs.
The virus and the antibody against the virus are reacted and inoculated into cell culture that is sensitive to the virus. The presence of neutralizing antibody is determined based on the cytopathogenic effect (CPE).

Neutralization test (NT)
A technique based on neutralization: Through reaction of a virus with specific antibody, loss of infectivity occurs.
The virus and the antibody against the virus are reacted and inoculated into cell culture that is sensitive to the virus. The presence of neutralizing antibody is determined based on the cytopathogenic effect (CPE).

Neutralization test (NT)
A technique based on neutralization: Through reaction of a virus with specific antibody, loss of infectivity occurs.
The virus and the antibody against the virus are reacted and inoculated into cell culture that is sensitive to the virus. The presence of neutralizing antibody is determined based on the cytopathogenic effect (CPE).

Complement fixation (CF)
A technique based on the principle that complements bind with antigen-antibody complexes and that they mediate hemolysis.
When red blood cells coated with hemolysin (sensitized red blood cells) bind to complements, hemolysis occurs; however, in the existence of the antigen-antibody complexes, complements are used, resulting in no hemolysis. Based on the hemolytic reaction, the presence of a specific antibody is determined.

Neutralization test (NT)
A technique based on neutralization: Through reaction of a virus with specific antibody, loss of infectivity occurs.
The virus and the antibody against the virus are reacted and inoculated into cell culture that is sensitive to the virus. The presence of neutralizing antibody is determined based on the cytopathogenic effect (CPE).

Neutralization test (NT)
A technique based on neutralization: Through reaction of a virus with specific antibody, loss of infectivity occurs.
The virus and the antibody against the virus are reacted and inoculated into cell culture that is sensitive to the virus. The presence of neutralizing antibody is determined based on the cytopathogenic effect (CPE).

Neutralization test (NT)
A technique based on neutralization: Through reaction of a virus with specific antibody, loss of infectivity occurs.
The virus and the antibody against the virus are reacted and inoculated into cell culture that is sensitive to the virus. The presence of neutralizing antibody is determined based on the cytopathogenic effect (CPE).

Complement fixation (CF)
A technique based on the principle that complements bind with antigen-antibody complexes and that they mediate hemolysis.
When red blood cells coated with hemolysin (sensitized red blood cells) bind to complements, hemolysis occurs; however, in the existence of the antigen-antibody complexes, complements are used, resulting in no hemolysis. Based on the hemolytic reaction, the presence of a specific antibody is determined.

Neutralization test (NT)
A technique based on neutralization: Through reaction of a virus with specific antibody, loss of infectivity occurs.
The virus and the antibody against the virus are reacted and inoculated into cell culture that is sensitive to the virus. The presence of neutralizing antibody is determined based on the cytopathogenic effect (CPE).

Complement fixation (CF)
A technique based on the principle that complements bind with antigen-antibody complexes and that they mediate hemolysis.
When red blood cells coated with hemolysin (sensitized red blood cells) bind to complements, hemolysis occurs; however, in the existence of the antigen-antibody complexes, complements are used, resulting in no hemolysis. Based on the hemolytic reaction, the presence of a specific antibody is determined.

Neutralization test (NT)
A technique based on neutralization: Through reaction of a virus with specific antibody, loss of infectivity occurs.
The virus and the antibody against the virus are reacted and inoculated into cell culture that is sensitive to the virus. The presence of neutralizing antibody is determined based on the cytopathogenic effect (CPE).

Complement fixation (CF)
A technique based on the principle that complements bind with antigen-antibody complexes and that they mediate hemolysis.
When red blood cells coated with hemolysin (sensitized red blood cells) bind to complements, hemolysis occurs; however, in the existence of the antigen-antibody complexes, complements are used, resulting in no hemolysis. Based on the hemolytic reaction, the presence of a specific antibody is determined.

Neutralization test (NT)
A technique based on neutralization: Through reaction of a virus with specific antibody, loss of infectivity occurs.
The virus and the antibody against the virus are reacted and inoculated into cell culture that is sensitive to the virus. The presence of neutralizing antibody is determined based on the cytopathogenic effect (CPE).

Complement fixation (CF)
A technique based on the principle that complements bind with antigen-antibody complexes and that they mediate hemolysis.
When red blood cells coated with hemolysin (sensitized red blood cells) bind to complements, hemolysis occurs; however, in the existence of the antigen-antibody complexes, complements are used, resulting in no hemolysis. Based on the hemolytic reaction, the presence of a specific antibody is determined.

Neutralization test (NT)
A technique based on neutralization: Through reaction of a virus with specific antibody, loss of infectivity occurs.
The virus and the antibody against the virus are reacted and inoculated into cell culture that is sensitive to the virus. The presence of neutralizing antibody is determined based on the cytopathogenic effect (CPE).

Complement fixation (CF)
A technique based on the principle that complements bind with antigen-antibody complexes and that they mediate hemolysis.
When red blood cells coated with hemolysin (sensitized red blood cells) bind to complements, hemolysis occurs; however, in the existence of the antigen-antibody complexes, complements are used, resulting in no hemolysis. Based on the hemolytic reaction, the presence of a specific antibody is determined.

Neutralization test (NT)
A technique based on neutralization: Through reaction of a virus with specific antibody, loss of infectivity occurs.
The virus and the antibody against the virus are reacted and inoculated into cell culture that is sensitive to the virus. The presence of neutralizing antibody is determined based on the cytopathogenic effect (CPE).

Complement fixation (CF)
A technique based on the principle that complements bind with antigen-antibody complexes and that they mediate hemolysis.
When red blood cells coated with hemolysin (sensitized red blood cells) bind to complements, hemolysis occurs; however, in the existence of the antigen-antibody complexes, complements are used, resulting in no hemolysis. Based on the hemolytic reaction, the presence of a specific antibody is determined.

Neutralization test (NT)
A technique based on neutralization: Through reaction of a virus with specific antibody, loss of infectivity occurs.
The virus and the antibody against the virus are reacted and inoculated into cell culture that is sensitive to the virus. The presence of neutralizing antibody is determined based on the cytopathogenic effect (CPE).

Neutralization test (NT)
A technique based on neutralization: Through reaction of a virus with specific antibody, loss of infectivity occurs.
The virus and the antibody against the virus are reacted and inoculated into cell culture that is sensitive to the virus. The presence of neutralizing antibody is determined based on the cytopathogenic effect (CPE).

Hemagglutination inhibition (HI)
A technique based on the phenomenon that hemagglutinating activities of viruses are inhibited by antibodies against the viruses. Antigen-antibody complexes are reacted with red blood cells, and the presence of the antibody against the virus is determined by whether or not hemagglutination is inhibited or not.

Neutralization test (NT)
A technique based on neutralization: Through reaction of a virus with specific antibody, loss of infectivity occurs.
The virus and the antibody against the virus are reacted and inoculated into cell culture that is sensitive to the virus. The presence of neutralizing antibody is determined based on the cytopathogenic effect (CPE).

Neutralization test (NT)
A technique based on neutralization: Through reaction of a virus with specific antibody, loss of infectivity occurs.
The virus and the antibody against the virus are reacted and inoculated into cell culture that is sensitive to the virus. The presence of neutralizing antibody is determined based on the cytopathogenic effect (CPE).

Neutralization test (NT)
A technique based on neutralization: Through reaction of a virus with specific antibody, loss of infectivity occurs.
The virus and the antibody against the virus are reacted and inoculated into cell culture that is sensitive to the virus. The presence of neutralizing antibody is determined based on the cytopathogenic effect (CPE).

Neutralization test (NT)
A technique based on neutralization: Through reaction of a virus with specific antibody, loss of infectivity occurs.
The virus and the antibody against the virus are reacted and inoculated into cell culture that is sensitive to the virus. The presence of neutralizing antibody is determined based on the cytopathogenic effect (CPE).

Hemagglutination inhibition (HI)
A technique based on the phenomenon that hemagglutinating activities of viruses are inhibited by antibodies against the viruses. Antigen-antibody complexes are reacted with red blood cells, and the presence of the antibody against the virus is determined by whether or not hemagglutination is inhibited or not.

Neutralization test (NT)
A technique based on neutralization: Through reaction of a virus with specific antibody, loss of infectivity occurs.
The virus and the antibody against the virus are reacted and inoculated into cell culture that is sensitive to the virus. The presence of neutralizing antibody is determined based on the cytopathogenic effect (CPE).

Neutralization test (NT)
A technique based on neutralization: Through reaction of a virus with specific antibody, loss of infectivity occurs.
The virus and the antibody against the virus are reacted and inoculated into cell culture that is sensitive to the virus. The presence of neutralizing antibody is determined based on the cytopathogenic effect (CPE).

Hemagglutination inhibition (HI)
A technique based on the phenomenon that hemagglutinating activities of viruses are inhibited by antibodies against the viruses. Antigen-antibody complexes are reacted with red blood cells, and the presence of the antibody against the virus is determined by whether or not hemagglutination is inhibited or not.

Neutralization test (NT)
A technique based on neutralization: Through reaction of a virus with specific antibody, loss of infectivity occurs.
The virus and the antibody against the virus are reacted and inoculated into cell culture that is sensitive to the virus. The presence of neutralizing antibody is determined based on the cytopathogenic effect (CPE).

Hemagglutination inhibition (HI)
A technique based on the phenomenon that hemagglutinating activities of viruses are inhibited by antibodies against the viruses. Antigen-antibody complexes are reacted with red blood cells, and the presence of the antibody against the virus is determined by whether or not hemagglutination is inhibited or not.

Neutralization test (NT)
A technique based on neutralization: Through reaction of a virus with specific antibody, loss of infectivity occurs.
The virus and the antibody against the virus are reacted and inoculated into cell culture that is sensitive to the virus. The presence of neutralizing antibody is determined based on the cytopathogenic effect (CPE).

Neutralization test (NT)
A technique based on neutralization: Through reaction of a virus with specific antibody, loss of infectivity occurs.
The virus and the antibody against the virus are reacted and inoculated into cell culture that is sensitive to the virus. The presence of neutralizing antibody is determined based on the cytopathogenic effect (CPE).

Neutralization test (NT)
A technique based on neutralization: Through reaction of a virus with specific antibody, loss of infectivity occurs.
The virus and the antibody against the virus are reacted and inoculated into cell culture that is sensitive to the virus. The presence of neutralizing antibody is determined based on the cytopathogenic effect (CPE).

Neutralization test (NT)
A technique based on neutralization: Through reaction of a virus with specific antibody, loss of infectivity occurs.
The virus and the antibody against the virus are reacted and inoculated into cell culture that is sensitive to the virus. The presence of neutralizing antibody is determined based on the cytopathogenic effect (CPE).

Neutralization test (NT)
A technique based on neutralization: Through reaction of a virus with specific antibody, loss of infectivity occurs.
The virus and the antibody against the virus are reacted and inoculated into cell culture that is sensitive to the virus. The presence of neutralizing antibody is determined based on the cytopathogenic effect (CPE).

Neutralization test (NT)
A technique based on neutralization: Through reaction of a virus with specific antibody, loss of infectivity occurs.
The virus and the antibody against the virus are reacted and inoculated into cell culture that is sensitive to the virus. The presence of neutralizing antibody is determined based on the cytopathogenic effect (CPE).

Neutralization test (NT)
A technique based on neutralization: Through reaction of a virus with specific antibody, loss of infectivity occurs.
The virus and the antibody against the virus are reacted and inoculated into cell culture that is sensitive to the virus. The presence of neutralizing antibody is determined based on the cytopathogenic effect (CPE).

Neutralization test (NT)
A technique based on neutralization: Through reaction of a virus with specific antibody, loss of infectivity occurs.
The virus and the antibody against the virus are reacted and inoculated into cell culture that is sensitive to the virus. The presence of neutralizing antibody is determined based on the cytopathogenic effect (CPE).

Neutralization test (NT)
A technique based on neutralization: Through reaction of a virus with specific antibody, loss of infectivity occurs.
The virus and the antibody against the virus are reacted and inoculated into cell culture that is sensitive to the virus. The presence of neutralizing antibody is determined based on the cytopathogenic effect (CPE).

Neutralization test (NT)
A technique based on neutralization: Through reaction of a virus with specific antibody, loss of infectivity occurs.
The virus and the antibody against the virus are reacted and inoculated into cell culture that is sensitive to the virus. The presence of neutralizing antibody is determined based on the cytopathogenic effect (CPE).

Neutralization test (NT)
A technique based on neutralization: Through reaction of a virus with specific antibody, loss of infectivity occurs.
The virus and the antibody against the virus are reacted and inoculated into cell culture that is sensitive to the virus. The presence of neutralizing antibody is determined based on the cytopathogenic effect (CPE).

Hemagglutination inhibition (HI)
A technique based on the phenomenon that hemagglutinating activities of viruses are inhibited by antibodies against the viruses. Antigen-antibody complexes are reacted with red blood cells, and the presence of the antibody against the virus is determined by whether or not hemagglutination is inhibited or not.

Complement fixation (CF)
A technique based on the principle that complements bind with antigen-antibody complexes and that they mediate hemolysis.
When red blood cells coated with hemolysin (sensitized red blood cells) bind to complements, hemolysis occurs; however, in the existence of the antigen-antibody complexes, complements are used, resulting in no hemolysis. Based on the hemolytic reaction, the presence of a specific antibody is determined.

Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR)
When RNA to be amplified by PCR, complementary DNA (cDNA) is synthesized using reverse transcriptase (RT) using RNA as a template.

Hemagglutination inhibition (HI)
A technique based on the phenomenon that hemagglutinating activities of viruses are inhibited by antibodies against the viruses. Antigen-antibody complexes are reacted with red blood cells, and the presence of the antibody against the virus is determined by whether or not hemagglutination is inhibited or not.

Enzyme immunoassay (EIA)
EIA is based on the same assay principle as RIA. Using either enzyme-labeled antigen or antibody as a labeledsubstance, the antigen-antibody reaction is carried out. After adding a chromogenic substrate, the enzyme activity is measured.

Enzyme immunoassay (EIA)
EIA is based on the same assay principle as RIA. Using either enzyme-labeled antigen or antibody as a labeledsubstance, the antigen-antibody reaction is carried out. After adding a chromogenic substrate, the enzyme activity is measured.

Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR)
When RNA to be amplified by PCR, complementary DNA (cDNA) is synthesized using reverse transcriptase (RT) using RNA as a template.

Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR)
When RNA to be amplified by PCR, complementary DNA (cDNA) is synthesized using reverse transcriptase (RT) using RNA as a template.

Hemagglutination inhibition (HI)
A technique based on the phenomenon that hemagglutinating activities of viruses are inhibited by antibodies against the viruses. Antigen-antibody complexes are reacted with red blood cells, and the presence of the antibody against the virus is determined by whether or not hemagglutination is inhibited or not.

Complement fixation (CF)
A technique based on the principle that complements bind with antigen-antibody complexes and that they mediate hemolysis.
When red blood cells coated with hemolysin (sensitized red blood cells) bind to complements, hemolysis occurs; however, in the existence of the antigen-antibody complexes, complements are used, resulting in no hemolysis. Based on the hemolytic reaction, the presence of a specific antibody is determined.

Hemagglutination inhibition (HI)
A technique based on the phenomenon that hemagglutinating activities of viruses are inhibited by antibodies against the viruses. Antigen-antibody complexes are reacted with red blood cells, and the presence of the antibody against the virus is determined by whether or not hemagglutination is inhibited or not.

Complement fixation (CF)
A technique based on the principle that complements bind with antigen-antibody complexes and that they mediate hemolysis.
When red blood cells coated with hemolysin (sensitized red blood cells) bind to complements, hemolysis occurs; however, in the existence of the antigen-antibody complexes, complements are used, resulting in no hemolysis. Based on the hemolytic reaction, the presence of a specific antibody is determined.

Hemagglutination inhibition (HI)
A technique based on the phenomenon that hemagglutinating activities of viruses are inhibited by antibodies against the viruses. Antigen-antibody complexes are reacted with red blood cells, and the presence of the antibody against the virus is determined by whether or not hemagglutination is inhibited or not.

Hemagglutination inhibition (HI)
A technique based on the phenomenon that hemagglutinating activities of viruses are inhibited by antibodies against the viruses. Antigen-antibody complexes are reacted with red blood cells, and the presence of the antibody against the virus is determined by whether or not hemagglutination is inhibited or not.

Hemagglutination inhibition (HI)
A technique based on the phenomenon that hemagglutinating activities of viruses are inhibited by antibodies against the viruses. Antigen-antibody complexes are reacted with red blood cells, and the presence of the antibody against the virus is determined by whether or not hemagglutination is inhibited or not.

Complement fixation (CF)
A technique based on the principle that complements bind with antigen-antibody complexes and that they mediate hemolysis.
When red blood cells coated with hemolysin (sensitized red blood cells) bind to complements, hemolysis occurs; however, in the existence of the antigen-antibody complexes, complements are used, resulting in no hemolysis. Based on the hemolytic reaction, the presence of a specific antibody is determined.

Neutralization test (NT)
A technique based on neutralization: Through reaction of a virus with specific antibody, loss of infectivity occurs.
The virus and the antibody against the virus are reacted and inoculated into cell culture that is sensitive to the virus. The presence of neutralizing antibody is determined based on the cytopathogenic effect (CPE).

Hemagglutination inhibition (HI)
A technique based on the phenomenon that hemagglutinating activities of viruses are inhibited by antibodies against the viruses. Antigen-antibody complexes are reacted with red blood cells, and the presence of the antibody against the virus is determined by whether or not hemagglutination is inhibited or not.

Neutralization test (NT)
A technique based on neutralization: Through reaction of a virus with specific antibody, loss of infectivity occurs.
The virus and the antibody against the virus are reacted and inoculated into cell culture that is sensitive to the virus. The presence of neutralizing antibody is determined based on the cytopathogenic effect (CPE).

Enzyme immunoassay (EIA)
EIA is based on the same assay principle as RIA. Using either enzyme-labeled antigen or antibody as a labeledsubstance, the antigen-antibody reaction is carried out. After adding a chromogenic substrate, the enzyme activity is measured.

Enzyme immunoassay (EIA)
EIA is based on the same assay principle as RIA. Using either enzyme-labeled antigen or antibody as a labeledsubstance, the antigen-antibody reaction is carried out. After adding a chromogenic substrate, the enzyme activity is measured.

Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR)
When RNA to be amplified by PCR, complementary DNA (cDNA) is synthesized using reverse transcriptase (RT) using RNA as a template.

Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR)
When RNA to be amplified by PCR, complementary DNA (cDNA) is synthesized using reverse transcriptase (RT) using RNA as a template.

Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR)
When RNA to be amplified by PCR, complementary DNA (cDNA) is synthesized using reverse transcriptase (RT) using RNA as a template.

Hemagglutination inhibition (HI)
A technique based on the phenomenon that hemagglutinating activities of viruses are inhibited by antibodies against the viruses. Antigen-antibody complexes are reacted with red blood cells, and the presence of the antibody against the virus is determined by whether or not hemagglutination is inhibited or not.

Neutralization test (NT)
A technique based on neutralization: Through reaction of a virus with specific antibody, loss of infectivity occurs.
The virus and the antibody against the virus are reacted and inoculated into cell culture that is sensitive to the virus. The presence of neutralizing antibody is determined based on the cytopathogenic effect (CPE).

Complement fixation (CF)
A technique based on the principle that complements bind with antigen-antibody complexes and that they mediate hemolysis.
When red blood cells coated with hemolysin (sensitized red blood cells) bind to complements, hemolysis occurs; however, in the existence of the antigen-antibody complexes, complements are used, resulting in no hemolysis. Based on the hemolytic reaction, the presence of a specific antibody is determined.

Enzyme immunoassay (EIA)
EIA is based on the same assay principle as RIA. Using either enzyme-labeled antigen or antibody as a labeledsubstance, the antigen-antibody reaction is carried out. After adding a chromogenic substrate, the enzyme activity is measured.

Enzyme immunoassay (EIA)
EIA is based on the same assay principle as RIA. Using either enzyme-labeled antigen or antibody as a labeledsubstance, the antigen-antibody reaction is carried out. After adding a chromogenic substrate, the enzyme activity is measured.

Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR)
When RNA to be amplified by PCR, complementary DNA (cDNA) is synthesized using reverse transcriptase (RT) using RNA as a template.

Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR)
When RNA to be amplified by PCR, complementary DNA (cDNA) is synthesized using reverse transcriptase (RT) using RNA as a template.

Particle agglutination (PA)
Using antigen- or antibody-coated gelatin particles (sensitizing particles), etc., the antigen-antibody reaction is carried out. The existence of the antibody or antigen is determined based on appearance or non-appearance of clots.

Chemiluminescent enzyme immunoassay (CLEIA)
Antibodies linked to the solid phase are reacted with antigens that are secondarily reacted with enzyme-labeled antibodies.
After adding a chemiluminescent substrate, the emission intensity is measured.

Line immunoassay
When antigens are mechanically applied onto a membrane, specific antibodies are reacted to the antigens, and antibodies labeled with enzymes are subsequently reacted to detect the antibodies.

Real-time PCR
Real-time PCR is the one of the nucleic acid amplification tests using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) as the basic principle. By the use of oligonucleotide that yields fluorescence after degradation, the fluorescent signal is identified for each PCR cycle, which enables the real-time quantification of the target nucleic acid.

Real-time PCR
Real-time PCR is the one of the nucleic acid amplification tests using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) as the basic principle. By the use of oligonucleotide that yields fluorescence after degradation, the fluorescent signal is identified for each PCR cycle, which enables the real-time quantification of the target nucleic acid.

Real-time PCR
Real-time PCR is the one of the nucleic acid amplification tests using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) as the basic principle. By the use of oligonucleotide that yields fluorescence after degradation, the fluorescent signal is identified for each PCR cycle, which enables the real-time quantification of the target nucleic acid.

Southern blot hybridization
A technique to detect a specific gene by the following procedures: After restriction enzyme digestion of DNA, DNA is isolated and denatured to a single-stranded form with electrophoresis. Using capillary action, the singlestranded DNA is transferred to a nylon membrane and hybridized with a target probe to detect the target gene. This technique is used for analysis of abnormal changes in DNA in a quantitative and qualitative manner.

Southern blot hybridization
A technique to detect a specific gene by the following procedures: After restriction enzyme digestion of DNA, DNA is isolated and denatured to a single-stranded form with electrophoresis. Using capillary action, the singlestranded DNA is transferred to a nylon membrane and hybridized with a target probe to detect the target gene. This technique is used for analysis of abnormal changes in DNA in a quantitative and qualitative manner.

Western blot
A technique to detect a specific protein by separating proteins using electrophoresis, electrical transfer of proteins to a nitrocellulose membrane, and marking the target protein using a proper primary antibody and a proper enzyme-labeled secondary antibody. This technique is also called as immunoblot.

Real-time PCR
Real-time PCR is the one of the nucleic acid amplification tests using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) as the basic principle. By the use of oligonucleotide that yields fluorescence after degradation, the fluorescent signal is identified for each PCR cycle, which enables the real-time quantification of the target nucleic acid.

Western blot
A technique to detect a specific protein by separating proteins using electrophoresis, electrical transfer of proteins to a nitrocellulose membrane, and marking the target protein using a proper primary antibody and a proper enzyme-labeled secondary antibody. This technique is also called as immunoblot.

Chemiluminescent enzyme immunoassay (CLEIA)
Antibodies linked to the solid phase are reacted with antigens that are secondarily reacted with enzyme-labeled antibodies.
After adding a chemiluminescent substrate, the emission intensity is measured.

Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)
Antibodies linked to the solid phase are reacted with antigens that are secondarily reacted with enzyme-labeled antibodies. After adding a chromogenic substrate, the enzyme activity is measured.

Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)
Antibodies linked to the solid phase are reacted with antigens that are secondarily reacted with enzyme-labeled antibodies. After adding a chromogenic substrate, the enzyme activity is measured.

Real-time PCR
Real-time PCR is the one of the nucleic acid amplification tests using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) as the basic principle. By the use of oligonucleotide that yields fluorescence after degradation, the fluorescent signal is identified for each PCR cycle, which enables the real-time quantification of the target nucleic acid.

Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)
Antibodies linked to the solid phase are reacted with antigens that are secondarily reacted with enzyme-labeled antibodies. After adding a chromogenic substrate, the enzyme activity is measured.